Kendra Plourde

Kendra Plourde, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Biostatistics, Yale University

Welcome to my site! My name is Kendra and I am an Assistant Professor of Biostatistics at the Yale School of Public Health. My methodological research focuses on the design and analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials with correlated data, including longitudinal studies, cluster randomized trials, and stepped wedge designs. My collaborative research centers on Alzheimer's disease, related dementias, and aging. I am a member of the Yale Center for Analytical Sciences (YCAS) and a collaborator with the Yale Program on Aging. My full CV is available here.

Research

Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial Design

The stepped wedge cluster randomized trial (SWCRT) is a type of unidirectional crossover design where all clusters start in the control condition and sequentially switch to the intervention over time. These designs are increasingly used in pragmatic studies of aging and dementia care, but their complex structures create challenges for power and sample size determination. My work addresses several of these challenges:

  • Multilevel clustering. Most SWCRT design methods assume two levels of clustering (e.g., patients within hospitals), but many trials include three or more levels (e.g., patients within providers within hospitals). I have developed computationally efficient sample size procedures for multilevel SWCRTs under both Gaussian and non-Gaussian outcomes, including extensions for between-cluster size imbalances. [R Shiny App | GitHub]
  • Dyadic outcomes. In dementia care trials, outcomes for both the person living with dementia and their care partner are often of primary interest and inherently interdependent. I have developed closed-form power and sample size procedures for SWCRTs with these dyadic outcomes, extending the traditional univariate framework to a multivariate setting that accommodates between-dyad, within-period, and between-period correlations.
  • Baseline outcome measures. My recent work evaluates approaches for incorporating baseline outcome measures in SWCRTs—including multivariate modeling, change-score analyses, and ANCOVA-type models—and assesses their relative statistical efficiency compared with analyses that ignore baseline outcomes. [R Shiny App | GitHub]

Joint Models for Cognitive Decline

My dissertation work at Boston University, funded by an NIA F31 predoctoral fellowship, focused on selection bias in longitudinal studies of cognition. Cognitive decline is associated with debilitating health outcomes and death, and many exposures of interest are also associated with mortality—making survival a collider that can bias estimates when conditioned upon.

  • Informative dropout. I compared longitudinal methods that account for differential survival, including GEE, inverse-probability-weighted GEE, linear mixed effects models, and joint models. A specific joint model specification produced less biased estimates and was more robust to changes in the causal framework.
  • Informative observation. Building on this, I extended the joint model to incorporate an informative visitation process using a frailty model—addressing the fact that participants experiencing cognitive decline may be observed more frequently, making decline appear more severe.
  • Competing risks. I further developed the approach to include a cause-specific competing risks model to account for dropout due to dementia diagnosis or death.

Dementia & Aging Research

As a Research Assistant with the Framingham Heart Study neurology group, I gained deep experience in the statistical methods and challenges of dementia and aging research. I led the design and analysis of a multisite collaborative meta-analysis evaluating the effects of diabetes medications on cognitive decline and incident dementia, and contributed to collaborative working groups including Methods for Longitudinal Studies in Dementia (MELODEM) and Harvard's Alzheimer Cohorts Consortium. This applied work, published in journals such as The Lancet Neurology and JAMA Network Open, continues to inform my methodological research.

Grants

2026
James L. Rudolph Career Development Award, Impact Collaboratory.
Title: Designing Cluster ePCTs in Dementia Care Dyads to Assess Treatment Heterogeneity.
Role: Principal Investigator
2025
AI Course Revision Pilot Grant, Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning.
Course: Statistical Practice I/II (BIS 678/681).
Role: Co-PI
2018
National Institutes of Aging Ruth L. Kirschstein Predoctoral Individual National Research Service Award (F31).
Title: Novel Statistical Methods for Identifying Determinants of Cognitive Decline.
Role: Principal Investigator

In the News

2026
IMPACT Collaboratory Spotlight — Featured as a 2026 James L. Rudolph Career Development Awardee for research on designing cluster embedded pragmatic clinical trials in dementia care dyads to assess treatment heterogeneity.
2024
MCC Research Podcast — Interview with Terrence E. Murphy, PhD on joint longitudinal and time-to-event models, for the Multiple Chronic Conditions in Research for Emerging Investigators series.

Publications

  1. Zhang Y, Gill TM, Bandeen-Roche K, Becher RD, Davis-Plourde K, Zang EX . Obtaining population-based estimates for survey data using Bayesian hierarchical models with poststratification. Am J Epidemiol. 2026 Mar 5;195(3):816-823. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwaf209. Epub 2026 Mar 5. PMID: 40977048; PMCID: PMC12679711.
  2. Davis-Plourde K, Yu X, Teresi JA . Designing Cluster Randomized Trials: A Practical Guide for Investigators. Med Care. 2026 Apr 1;64(4):179-191. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000002283. Epub 2026 Apr 1. PMID: 41733160.
  3. Festa N, Throgmorton KF, Phadke MA, O'Leary JR, Davis-Plourde K, Zang E, Chen K, Kelly J, Dosa DM, Hajduk AM, Cohen AB, Gill TM . Evaluating administrative compliance as a predictor of nursing home postdisaster outcomes in the USA. BMJ Public Health. 2026;4(1):e003148. doi: 10.1136/bmjph-2025-003148. Epub 2026. PMID: 41561558; PMCID: PMC12815042.
  4. Gill TM, Liang J, Davis-Plourde K . Response to Freedman and Schrack: drawing inferences about Medicare mortality from the National Health and Aging Trends Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2026 Jan 2;81(1):. pii: glaf248. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaf248. Epub 2026 Jan 2. PMID: 41482503.
  5. Festa N, Alexovitz K, Phadke M, O'Leary J, Davis-Plourde K, Zang E, Chen K, Kelly J, Dosa DM, Cohen A, Gill TM . Federal inspection timing, not compliance, associated with nursing home post-disaster outcomes. Health Aff Sch. 2026 Jan;4(1):qxaf244. doi: 10.1093/haschl/qxaf244. Epub 2026 Jan. PMID: 41509063; PMCID: PMC12778326.
  6. Scott MR, Sverdlov O, Davis-Plourde K, Tripodis Y . Assessment of Wiener Process Degradation Models With Application to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Decline. Stat Med. 2025 Nov;44(25-27):e70323. doi: 10.1002/sim.70323. Epub 2025 Nov. PMID: 41262008.
  7. Festa N, Alexovitz K, Davis-Plourde K, Marottoli R, Cohen AB, Dosa D, Fulmer T, Gill TM . Comparing Disaster-Related Surge Staffing Practices Across Rural and Non-Rural Nursing Homes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2025 Dec;73(12):3829-3835. doi: 10.1111/jgs.70098. Epub 2025 Dec. PMID: 40938301; PMCID: PMC12670253.
  8. Festa N, Alexovitz K, Throgmorton KF, Davis-Plourde K, Dosa DM, Gill TM . Evaluating the Applicability of Federal Regulatory Metrics for Nursing Home Fire Safety and Emergency Preparedness. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2025 Nov;26(11):105828. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2025.105828. Epub 2025 Nov. PMID: 40882948; PMCID: PMC12707459.
  9. Gill TM, Liang J, Becher RD, Davis-Plourde K . Losses to Follow-Up in a Nationally Representative Study of Community-Living Older Americans: Two Approaches to Censoring and Implications for Mortality Outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2026 Jan;74(1):186-192. doi: 10.1111/jgs.70093. Epub 2026 Jan. PMID: 40928486; PMCID: PMC12833708.
  10. Davis-Plourde K, Goldfeld K, Allore H, Taljaard M, Li F . Designing Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomized Trials With a Baseline Measurement of the Outcome. Stat Med. 2025 Sep;44(20-22):e70273. doi: 10.1002/sim.70273. Epub 2025 Sep. PMID: 40988307; PMCID: PMC12919305.
  11. Wang Y, Zang EX, Davis-Plourde K, Gill TM, Becher RD . Corrigendum to "Novel indices of state- and county-level social disadvantage in older Americans and disparities in mortality" [Health Place 92 (2025) 103438]. Health Place. 2025 Sep;95():103486. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103486. Epub 2025 Sep. PMID: 40683782.
  12. Gill TM, Liang J, Vander Wyk B, Leo-Summers L, Wang Y, Becher RD, Davis-Plourde K . Incomplete Ascertainment of Mortality in a Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study of Community-Living Older Americans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2025 Jun 10;80(7):. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaf014. Epub 2025 Jun 10. PMID: 39823281; PMCID: PMC12269764.
  13. Nath B, Desai R, Cook JM, Dziura JD, Davis-Plourde K, Youins R, Guy K, Pavlo AJ, Smith PE, Smith PD, Kangas K, Heckmann R, Hart L, Powsner S, Sevilla M, Evans M, Kumar A, Faustino IV, Hu Y, Bellamy C, Wong AH . Peer support enhanced behavioural crisis response teams in the emergency department: protocol for a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2025 Jun 8;15(6):e103775. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-103775. Epub 2025 Jun 8. PMID: 40484432; PMCID: PMC12161358.
  14. Wang Y, Zang EX, Davis-Plourde K, Vander Wyk B, Gill TM, Becher RD . Incidence of Frailty, Dementia, and Disability Among Community-Living Older Americans According to County-Level Disadvantage. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2025 Jun;73(6):1847-1856. doi: 10.1111/jgs.19465. Epub 2025 Jun. PMID: 40196885; PMCID: PMC12213133.
  15. Wang Y, Zang EX, Davis-Plourde K, Gill TM, Becher RD . Novel indices of state- and county-level social disadvantage in older Americans and disparities in mortality. Health Place. 2025 Mar;92():103438. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103438. Epub 2025 Mar. PMID: 40058245; PMCID: PMC12142587.
  16. Tong G, Nevins P, Ryan M, Davis-Plourde K, Ouyang Y, Pereira Macedo JA, Meng C, Wang X, Caille A, Li F, Taljaard M . A review of current practice in the design and analysis of extremely small stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials. Clin Trials. 2025 Feb;22(1):45-56. doi: 10.1177/17407745241276137. Epub 2025 Feb. PMID: 39377196; PMCID: PMC11810615.
  17. Wang Y, Leo-Summers L, Vander Wyk B, Davis-Plourde K, Gill TM, Becher RD . National Estimates of Short- and Longer-Term Hospital Readmissions After Major Surgery Among Community-Living Older Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Feb 5;7(2):e240028. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0028. Epub 2024 Feb 5. PMID: 38416499; PMCID: PMC10902728.
  18. Nevins P, Ryan M, Davis-Plourde K, Ouyang Y, Pereira Macedo JA, Meng C, Tong G, Wang X, Ortiz-Reyes L, Caille A, Li F, Taljaard M . Adherence to key recommendations for design and analysis of stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials: A review of trials published 2016-2022. Clin Trials. 2024 Apr;21(2):199-210. doi: 10.1177/17407745231208397. Epub 2024 Apr. PMID: 37990575; PMCID: PMC11003836.
  19. Festa N, Throgmorton KF, Davis-Plourde K, Dosa DM, Chen K, Zang E, Kelly J, Gill TM . Assessment of Regional Nursing Home Preparedness for and Regulatory Responsiveness to Wildfire Risk in the Western US. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Jun 1;6(6):e2320207. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.20207. Epub 2023 Jun 1. PMID: 37358851; PMCID: PMC10293909.
  20. Nevins P, Davis-Plourde K, Pereira Macedo JA, Ouyang Y, Ryan M, Tong G, Wang X, Meng C, Ortiz-Reyes L, Li F, Caille A, Taljaard M . A scoping review described diversity in methods of randomization and reporting of baseline balance in stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2023 May;157():134-145. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.03.010. Epub 2023 May. PMID: 36931478; PMCID: PMC10546924.
  21. Weinstein G, O'Donnell A, Davis-Plourde K, Zelber-Sagi S, Ghosh S, DeCarli CS, Thibault EG, Sperling RA, Johnson KA, Beiser AS, Seshadri S . Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Liver Fibrosis, and Regional Amyloid-β and Tau Pathology in Middle-Aged Adults: The Framingham Study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;86(3):1371-1383. doi: 10.3233/JAD-215409. Epub 2022. PMID: 35213373; PMCID: PMC11323287.
  22. Davis-Plourde K, Taljaard M, Li F . Power analyses for stepped wedge designs with multivariate continuous outcomes. Stat Med. 2023 Feb 20;42(4):559-578. doi: 10.1002/sim.9632. Epub 2023 Feb 20. PMID: 36565050; PMCID: PMC9985483.
  23. Davis-Plourde KL, Mayeda ER, Lodi S, Filshtein T, Beiser A, Gross AL, Seshadri S, Glymour MM, Tripodis Y . Joint Models for Estimating Determinants of Cognitive Decline in the Presence of Survival Bias. Epidemiology. 2022 May 1;33(3):362-371. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001472. Epub 2022 May 1. PMID: 35383644.
  24. Davis-Plourde K, Taljaard M, Li F . Sample size considerations for stepped wedge designs with subclusters. Biometrics. 2023 Mar;79(1):98-112. doi: 10.1111/biom.13596. Epub 2023 Mar. PMID: 34719017; PMCID: PMC9054939.
  25. Suzuki H, Davis-Plourde K, Beiser A, Kunimura A, Miura K, DeCarli C, Maillard P, Mitchell GF, Vasan RS, Seshadri S, Fujiyoshi A . Coronary Artery Calcium Assessed Years Before Was Positively Associated With Subtle White Matter Injury of the Brain in Asymptomatic Middle-Aged Men: The Framingham Heart Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021 Jul;14(7):e011753. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.120.011753. Epub 2021 Jul. PMID: 34256573; PMCID: PMC8323993.
  26. Weinstein G, Davis-Plourde K, Beiser AS, Seshadri S . Autonomic Imbalance and Risk of Dementia and Stroke: The Framingham Study. Stroke. 2021 Jun;52(6):2068-2076. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030601. Epub 2021 Jun. PMID: 33874747; PMCID: PMC8154675.
  27. Romero JR, Himali JJ, Beiser A, Pase MP, Davis-Plourde KL, Parva P, Seshadri S, Mitchell GF . Aortic stiffness and cerebral microbleeds: The Framingham Heart Study. Vasc Med. 2021 Jun;26(3):312-314. doi: 10.1177/1358863X20979740. Epub 2021 Jun. PMID: 33393444.
  28. Rajabiun S, Davis-Plourde K, Tinsley M, Quinn EK, Borne D, Maskay MH, Giordano TP, Cabral HJ . Pathways to housing stability and viral suppression for people living with HIV/AIDS: Findings from the Building a Medical Home for Multiply Diagnosed HIV-positive Homeless Populations initiative. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239190. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239190. Epub 2020. PMID: 33001986; PMCID: PMC7529314.
  29. Wolters FJ, Chibnik LB, Waziry R, Anderson R, Berr C, Beiser A, Bis JC, Blacker D, Bos D, Brayne C, Dartigues JF, Darweesh SKL, Davis-Plourde KL, de Wolf F, Debette S, Dufouil C, Fornage M, Goudsmit J, Grasset L, Gudnason V, Hadjichrysanthou C, Helmer C, Ikram MA, Ikram MK, Joas E, Kern S, Kuller LH, Launer L, Lopez OL, Matthews FE, McRae-McKee K, Meirelles O, Mosley TH Jr, Pase MP, Psaty BM, Satizabal CL, Seshadri S, Skoog I, Stephan BCM, Wetterberg H, Wong MM, Zettergren A, Hofman A . Twenty-seven-year time trends in dementia incidence in Europe and the United States: The Alzheimer Cohorts Consortium. Neurology. 2020 Aug 4;95(5):e519-e531. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010022. Epub 2020 Aug 4. PMID: 32611641; PMCID: PMC7455342.
  30. Lee CM, Woodward M, Batty GD, Beiser AS, Bell S, Berr C, Bjertness E, Chalmers J, Clarke R, Dartigues JF, Davis-Plourde K, Debette S, Di Angelantonio E, Feart C, Frikke-Schmidt R, Gregson J, Haan MN, Hassing LB, Hayden KM, Hoevenaar-Blom MP, Kaprio J, Kivimaki M, Lappas G, Larson EB, LeBlanc ES, Lee A, Lui LY, Moll van Charante EP, Ninomiya T, Nordestgaard LT, Ohara T, Ohkuma T, Palviainen T, Peres K, Peters R, Qizilbash N, Richard E, Rosengren A, Seshadri S, Shipley M, Singh-Manoux A, Strand BH, van Gool WA, Vuoksimaa E, Yaffe K, Huxley RR . Association of anthropometry and weight change with risk of dementia and its major subtypes: A meta-analysis consisting 2.8 million adults with 57 294 cases of dementia. Obes Rev. 2020 Apr;21(4):e12989. doi: 10.1111/obr.12989. Epub 2020 Apr. PMID: 31898862; PMCID: PMC7079047.
  31. Weinstein G, Davis-Plourde KL, Beiser AS, Seshadri S . Author response: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis score and cognitive function in middle-aged adults: The Framingham study. Liver Int. 2020 May;40(5):1240. doi: 10.1111/liv.14318. Epub 2020 May. PMID: 31850659.
  32. Ding J, Davis-Plourde KL, Sedaghat S, Tully PJ, Wang W, Phillips C, Pase MP, Himali JJ, Gwen Windham B, Griswold M, Gottesman R, Mosley TH, White L, Guðnason V, Debette S, Beiser AS, Seshadri S, Ikram MA, Meirelles O, Tzourio C, Launer LJ . Antihypertensive medications and risk for incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from prospective cohort studies. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Jan;19(1):61-70. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30393-X. Epub 2020 Jan. PMID: 31706889; PMCID: PMC7391421.
  33. Weinstein G, Davis-Plourde K, Himali JJ, Zelber-Sagi S, Beiser AS, Seshadri S . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis score and cognitive function in middle-aged adults: The Framingham Study. Liver Int. 2019 Sep;39(9):1713-1721. doi: 10.1111/liv.14161. Epub 2019 Sep. PMID: 31155826; PMCID: PMC6736704.
  34. Spartano NL, Davis-Plourde KL, Himali JJ, Andersson C, Pase MP, Maillard P, DeCarli C, Murabito JM, Beiser AS, Vasan RS, Seshadri S . Association of Accelerometer-Measured Light-Intensity Physical Activity With Brain Volume: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Apr 5;2(4):e192745. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2745. Epub 2019 Apr 5. PMID: 31002329; PMCID: PMC6481600.
  35. Weinstein G, Davis-Plourde KL, Conner S, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, Lee A, Rawlings AM, Sedaghat S, Ding J, Moshier E, van Duijn CM, Beeri MS, Selvin E, Ikram MA, Launer LJ, Haan MN, Seshadri S . Association of metformin, sulfonylurea and insulin use with brain structure and function and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Pooled analysis from 5 cohorts. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0212293. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212293. Epub 2019. PMID: 30768625; PMCID: PMC6377188.
  36. Spartano NL, Davis-Plourde KL, Himali JJ, Murabito JM, Vasan RS, Beiser AS, Seshadri S . Self-Reported Physical Activity and Relations to Growth and Neurotrophic Factors in Diabetes Mellitus: The Framingham Offspring Study. J Diabetes Res. 2019;2019():2718465. doi: 10.1155/2019/2718465. Epub 2019. PMID: 30729134; PMCID: PMC6343169.
  37. Satizabal CL, Samieri C, Davis-Plourde KL, Voetsch B, Aparicio HJ, Pase MP, Romero JR, Helmer C, Vasan RS, Kase CS, Debette S, Beiser AS, Seshadri S . APOE and the Association of Fatty Acids With the Risk of Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, and Mortality. Stroke. 2018 Dec;49(12):2822-2829. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.022132. Epub 2018 Dec. PMID: 30571417; PMCID: PMC6310220.
  38. Pase MP, Davis-Plourde K, Himali JJ, Satizabal CL, Aparicio H, Seshadri S, Beiser AS, DeCarli C . Vascular risk at younger ages most strongly associates with current and future brain volume. Neurology. 2018 Oct 16;91(16):e1479-e1486. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006360. Epub 2018 Oct 16. PMID: 30232248; PMCID: PMC6202941.
  39. Cabral HJ, Davis-Plourde K, Sarango M, Fox J, Palmisano J, Rajabiun S . Peer Support and the HIV Continuum of Care: Results from a Multi-Site Randomized Clinical Trial in Three Urban Clinics in the United States. AIDS Behav. 2018 Aug;22(8):2627-2639. doi: 10.1007/s10461-017-1999-8. Epub 2018 Aug. PMID: 29306990.
  40. Hatoun J, Davis-Plourde K, Penti B, Cabral H, Kazis L . Tobacco Control Laws and Pediatric Asthma. Pediatrics. 2018 Jan;141(Suppl 1):S130-S136. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-1026P. Epub 2018 Jan. PMID: 29292313.
  41. McGrath ER, Beiser AS, DeCarli C, Plourde KL, Vasan RS, Greenberg SM, Seshadri S . Blood pressure from mid- to late life and risk of incident dementia. Neurology. 2017 Dec 12;89(24):2447-2454. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004741. Epub 2017 Dec 12. PMID: 29117954; PMCID: PMC5729797.
  42. Chibnik LB, Wolters FJ, Bäckman K, Beiser A, Berr C, Bis JC, Boerwinkle E, Bos D, Brayne C, Dartigues JF, Darweesh SKL, Debette S, Davis-Plourde KL, Dufouil C, Fornage M, Grasset L, Gudnason V, Hadjichrysanthou C, Helmer C, Ikram MA, Ikram MK, Kern S, Kuller LH, Launer L, Lopez OL, Matthews F, Meirelles O, Mosley T, Ower A, Psaty BM, Satizabal CL, Seshadri S, Skoog I, Stephan BCM, Tzourio C, Waziry R, Wong MM, Zettergren A, Hofman A . Trends in the incidence of dementia: design and methods in the Alzheimer Cohorts Consortium. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017 Oct;32(10):931-938. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0320-5. Epub 2017 Oct. PMID: 29063414; PMCID: PMC5680377.
  43. Nishtala A, Piers RJ, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, Davis-Plourde KL, Saczynski JS, McManus DD, Benjamin EJ, Au R . Atrial fibrillation and cognitive decline in the Framingham Heart Study. Heart Rhythm. 2018 Feb;15(2):166-172. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.09.036. Epub 2018 Feb. PMID: 28943482; PMCID: PMC5881912.
  44. Aparicio HJ, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, Davis-Plourde KL, Vasan RS, Kase CS, Wolf PA, Seshadri S . Overweight, Obesity, and Survival After Stroke in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Jun 24;6(6):. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004721. Epub 2017 Jun 24. PMID: 28647687; PMCID: PMC5669145.

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